Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2007
Cambodia, 2006 - 2007
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Reference ID
KHM-NIS-CSES-2007-v1.0
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National Institute of Statistics
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Identification
Survey ID Number
KHM-NIS-CSES-2007-v1.0
Title
Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2007
Translated Title
Ang Ket Setha Kech Sang Kum Kech Kampuchea 2007
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | KHM |
Study type
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
Series Information
The Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) 2007 is the sixth Cambodia Socio Economic Survey conducted by National Institute of Statistics, since the Socio Economic Surveys in the years 1993/94, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2004 and 2007.
Abstract
The CSES is a household survey with questions to households and the household members. In the household questionnaire there are a number of modules with questions relating to the living conditions, e.g. housing conditions, education, health, expenditure/income and labour force. It is designed to provide information on social and economic conditions of households for policy studies on poverty, household production and final consumption for the National Accounts and weights for the CPI.
The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied.
Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.
The main objective of the survey is to collect statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty. Essential areas as household production and cash income, household level and structure of consumption including poverty and nutrition, education and access to schooling, health and access to medical care, transport and communication, housing and amenities and family and social relations. For recording expenditure, consumption and income the Diary Method was applied.
Another main objective of the survey is also to collect accurate statistical information about living standards of the population and the extent of poverty as an essential instrument to assist the government in diagnosing the problems and designing effective policies for reducing poverty, and in evaluating the progress of poverty reduction which are the main priorities in the "Rectangular Strategy" of the Royal Government of Cambodia.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Households
Individuals
Individuals
Version
Version Description
Version v1.0. - Edited data for internal use only
Version Date
2009-08
Scope
Notes
Poverty reduction is a major commitment by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Accurate statistical information about the living standards of the population and the extent of poverty is an essential instrument to assist the Government in diagnosing the problems, in designing effective policies for reducing poverty and in monitoring and evaluating the progress of poverty reduction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) has been adopted by the Royal Government of Cambodia and a National Strategic Development Plan (NSDP) has been developed. The MDGs are also incorporated into the "Rectangular Strategy of Cambodia".
Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. Data to calculate household production were obtained from the household questionnaire and the diaries as well as data from the labour force module.
Briefly the four earlier CSES rounds have all made it possible to report sets of indicators on 8 main areas of social concern:
1. Demographic characteristics
2. Housing
3. Agriculture
4. Education
5. Labour Force
6. Health and Nutrition
7. Victimization
8. Household Income and Consumption
These 8 areas were also covered by corresponding modules in the CSES 2007, together with a diary method as well as a recall method, the other following the module design and variable content of previous
Cambodia is still a predominantly rural and agricultural society. The vast majority of the population get their subsistence in households as self-employed in agriculture. The level of living is determined by the household's command over labour and resources for own-production in terms of land and livestock for agricultural activities, equipments and tools for fishing, forestry and construction activities and income-earning activities in the informal and formal sector. Data to calculate household production were obtained from the household questionnaire and the diaries as well as data from the labour force module.
Briefly the four earlier CSES rounds have all made it possible to report sets of indicators on 8 main areas of social concern:
1. Demographic characteristics
2. Housing
3. Agriculture
4. Education
5. Labour Force
6. Health and Nutrition
7. Victimization
8. Household Income and Consumption
These 8 areas were also covered by corresponding modules in the CSES 2007, together with a diary method as well as a recall method, the other following the module design and variable content of previous
Topics
| Topic | Vocabulary | URI |
|---|---|---|
| consumption/consumer behaviour [1.1] | CESSDA | Link |
| income, property and investment/saving [1.5] | CESSDA | Link |
| economic conditions and indicators [1.2] | CESSDA | Link |
| EDUCATION [6] | CESSDA | Link |
| HEALTH [8] | CESSDA | Link |
| housing [10.1] | CESSDA | Link |
| TRANSPORT, TRAVEL AND MOBILITY [11] | CESSDA | Link |
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National Phnom Penh / Other Urban / Other Rural
Geographic Unit
14 Domains:
11 individual provinces:
Bantey Meanchy
Battambang
Kampong Cham
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Kanda
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Svay Rieng
Takeo
3 groups of provinces:
Group 1: Kampong Chhnang, and Pursat; Tonle Sap provinces
Group 2: Kampot, Sihanouk Ville, Kaoh Kong, and Krong Keb; Coastal provinces
Group 3: Kratie, Steung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondol Kiri, Preah Vihear, Oddor Meanchey, and Krong Pailin; Mountain provinces
11 individual provinces:
Bantey Meanchy
Battambang
Kampong Cham
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Kanda
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Svay Rieng
Takeo
3 groups of provinces:
Group 1: Kampong Chhnang, and Pursat; Tonle Sap provinces
Group 2: Kampot, Sihanouk Ville, Kaoh Kong, and Krong Keb; Coastal provinces
Group 3: Kratie, Steung Treng, Rattanakiri, Mondol Kiri, Preah Vihear, Oddor Meanchey, and Krong Pailin; Mountain provinces
Universe
All resident households in Cambodia
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | Ministry of Planning |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Swedish International Development Agency | SIDA | Funding |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Statistics Sweden | SCB | Technical Assistance (TA) |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The sampling design in the CSES survey is a three-stage design. In stage one a sample of villages is selected, in stage two an Enumeration Area (EA) is selected from each village selected in stage one, and in stage three a sample of households is selected from each EA selected in stage two. The sampling designs used in the three stages were:
Stage 1: A stratified systematic pps6 sample of villages was selected. Strata were defined by provinces and the urban/rural classification of villages. The size measure used in the systematic pps sampling was the number of households in the village according to the population census 1998.
Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.
Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling.
The design described above was used for the CSES 2004 survey.7 In 2007, a subsample of the villages, or EAs, in the 2004 sample was selected by SRS. The villages and EAs surveyed in 2007 were thus included in the sample in both years. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selected households in 2007 are not necessarily the same as those included in the sample in 2004.
The selection of households in stage three was done in field by first listing the households in the selected EA, and then selecting a systematic sample of households. Selected households were observed during one calendar month. The allocation of the households over the months in 2007 was done so that each village in the 2007 sample was observed in the same calendar month as in 2004.
The sample size in 2007 was 360 villages or 3,600 households, compared to the sample for the 2004 survey of 720 villages or 12,000 households.
Some provinces were excluded, due to cost and other reasons, in the sample for 2007. The estimates are however, adjusted for the under coverage error caused by excluding those provinces.
Please refer to Technical Documents for details.
Stage 1: A stratified systematic pps6 sample of villages was selected. Strata were defined by provinces and the urban/rural classification of villages. The size measure used in the systematic pps sampling was the number of households in the village according to the population census 1998.
Stage 2. One EA was selected by Simple Random Sampling (SRS), in each village selected in stage 1.
Stage 3. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling.
The design described above was used for the CSES 2004 survey.7 In 2007, a subsample of the villages, or EAs, in the 2004 sample was selected by SRS. The villages and EAs surveyed in 2007 were thus included in the sample in both years. In each selected EA a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. The selected households in 2007 are not necessarily the same as those included in the sample in 2004.
The selection of households in stage three was done in field by first listing the households in the selected EA, and then selecting a systematic sample of households. Selected households were observed during one calendar month. The allocation of the households over the months in 2007 was done so that each village in the 2007 sample was observed in the same calendar month as in 2004.
The sample size in 2007 was 360 villages or 3,600 households, compared to the sample for the 2004 survey of 720 villages or 12,000 households.
Some provinces were excluded, due to cost and other reasons, in the sample for 2007. The estimates are however, adjusted for the under coverage error caused by excluding those provinces.
Please refer to Technical Documents for details.
Response Rate
Not Computed
Weighting
The weights are determined by the sampling design, design weights, and adjusted for nonresponse and other imperfections such as under coverage or, adjusted to improve the precision of estimates. In CSES 2007, the design weights were adjusted using preliminary data on the number of persons and households from the population census 2008 and also the Neupert population projections.
The weights used in the reports from CSES 2004 are adjusted by using the preliminary population projections which give over estimated population counts. The weights in CSES 2007 are adjusted by using the preliminary result from 2008 Population Census. A recalculation of the weights in CSES 2004 will be made for the coming analyses to obtain higher comparability between CSES 2004 and the surveys conducted from 2007 and onwards.
The weights used in the reports from CSES 2004 are adjusted by using the preliminary population projections which give over estimated population counts. The weights in CSES 2007 are adjusted by using the preliminary result from 2008 Population Census. A recalculation of the weights in CSES 2004 will be made for the coming analyses to obtain higher comparability between CSES 2004 and the surveys conducted from 2007 and onwards.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2006-10-01 | 2007-12-31 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Each fieldwork team consisted of one supervisor and three enumerators. For each selected village one enumerator was assigned as responsible and carried out interviews of ten households in the village.
Altogether 30 enumerators and 10 supervisors, divided into 10 teams carried out the fieldwork at the same time. Two groups of teams were formed and alternated monthly so that each interviewer and supervisor worked in the field every second month.
Any survey of the CSES dimensions needs a comprehensive system of quality management and monitoring. The CSES management group within NIS therefore is using a careful monitoring scheme. The monitoring team included four NIS staff including top ranked NIS officers. The supervision took place during the last two weeks of the interview month.
Before going to the villages the teams were briefed and introduced to adjustments of the interviewing procedure that had to be made as a result of monitoring activities and feed-back from the data processing.
Altogether 30 enumerators and 10 supervisors, divided into 10 teams carried out the fieldwork at the same time. Two groups of teams were formed and alternated monthly so that each interviewer and supervisor worked in the field every second month.
Any survey of the CSES dimensions needs a comprehensive system of quality management and monitoring. The CSES management group within NIS therefore is using a careful monitoring scheme. The monitoring team included four NIS staff including top ranked NIS officers. The supervision took place during the last two weeks of the interview month.
Before going to the villages the teams were briefed and introduced to adjustments of the interviewing procedure that had to be made as a result of monitoring activities and feed-back from the data processing.
Data Collection Notes
The fieldwork started in October 2006 and finished in the end of December 2007. The results in this report are based on data from the calendar year 2007, i.e. only 12 of the 15 survey months are included in the estimation.
Supervisors and enumerators were recruited by NIS and trained for the field work. The training took place at NIS in Phnom Penh. A comprehensive field manual was used during the training and the field work.
Each fieldwork team consisted of one supervisor and three enumerators. For each selected village one enumerator was assigned as responsible and carried out interviews of ten households in the village.
Altogether 30 enumerators and 10 supervisors, divided into 10 teams carried out the fieldwork at the same time. Two groups of teams were formed and alternated monthly so that each interviewer and supervisor worked in the field every second month.
For a given month the team arrived in the village 2-3 days before the first day of the month for preparatory tasks like discussing with village authorities, filling in the Household listing form and sampled the households to be interviewed.
The supervisor was the leader of the team and was responsible for the coordination of the interviews, collaboration with local authorities, and checking of the questionnaires during the interview month. If errors were found in the responses the enumerator was required to re-interview. The supervisor was also responsible for the village questionnaire and the interview of the village leader or representative of the village leader.
Any survey of the CSES dimensions needs a comprehensive system of quality management and monitoring. The CSES management group within NIS therefore is using a careful monitoring scheme. The monitoring team included four NIS staff including top ranked NIS officers. The supervision took place during the last two weeks of the interview month.
Before going to the villages the teams were briefed and introduced to adjustments of the interviewing procedure that had to be made as a result of monitoring activities and feed-back from the data processing.
Supervisors and enumerators were recruited by NIS and trained for the field work. The training took place at NIS in Phnom Penh. A comprehensive field manual was used during the training and the field work.
Each fieldwork team consisted of one supervisor and three enumerators. For each selected village one enumerator was assigned as responsible and carried out interviews of ten households in the village.
Altogether 30 enumerators and 10 supervisors, divided into 10 teams carried out the fieldwork at the same time. Two groups of teams were formed and alternated monthly so that each interviewer and supervisor worked in the field every second month.
For a given month the team arrived in the village 2-3 days before the first day of the month for preparatory tasks like discussing with village authorities, filling in the Household listing form and sampled the households to be interviewed.
The supervisor was the leader of the team and was responsible for the coordination of the interviews, collaboration with local authorities, and checking of the questionnaires during the interview month. If errors were found in the responses the enumerator was required to re-interview. The supervisor was also responsible for the village questionnaire and the interview of the village leader or representative of the village leader.
Any survey of the CSES dimensions needs a comprehensive system of quality management and monitoring. The CSES management group within NIS therefore is using a careful monitoring scheme. The monitoring team included four NIS staff including top ranked NIS officers. The supervision took place during the last two weeks of the interview month.
Before going to the villages the teams were briefed and introduced to adjustments of the interviewing procedure that had to be made as a result of monitoring activities and feed-back from the data processing.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | NIS | Ministry of Planning |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
Four different questionnaires or forms were used in the CSES 2007:
1. Household listing form
The listing of households was used for sampling households, see section 4.3.
2. Village questionnaire
The village questionnaire was responded by the village leader or a representative of the village leader. The questions are about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices, rental and sales prices of land etc.
3. Household questionnaire
The household questionnaire was responded by the head of the household, spouse of the head of the household or of another adult household member.
The household questionnaire includes questions about housing conditions, crop production and other agricultural activities, liabilities, durable goods, construction activities and income from other sources than economic activity.
The household questionnaire also includes questions for each household member about education and literacy, migration, current economic activity and employment, health, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Some of these questions were responded by the head of household/spouse and some were responded by each household member.
The questions in the first part of the household questionnaire are posed during the initial visit to the household. This part includes questions about e.g. the household member's age, sex, marital status, relation to head of household, and questions about household expenditure/consumption of food and non-food items.
During a survey month different questions have been asked different weeks according to the following:
• Week 1. Questions about education, migration, and housing
• Week 2. Questions about economic activity, agricultural and non-agricultural business, household liabilities and other incomes.
• Week 3. Questions about construction, durable goods, and child health
• Week 4. Questions about current economic activities, health and victimization
4. Diary sheet
The diary sheet on daily household expenditure, including value of own production, and income have been filled in during the entire month.
1. Household listing form
The listing of households was used for sampling households, see section 4.3.
2. Village questionnaire
The village questionnaire was responded by the village leader or a representative of the village leader. The questions are about economy and infrastructure, crop production, health, education, retail prices, rental and sales prices of land etc.
3. Household questionnaire
The household questionnaire was responded by the head of the household, spouse of the head of the household or of another adult household member.
The household questionnaire includes questions about housing conditions, crop production and other agricultural activities, liabilities, durable goods, construction activities and income from other sources than economic activity.
The household questionnaire also includes questions for each household member about education and literacy, migration, current economic activity and employment, health, smoking, HIV/AIDS awareness, and victimization. Some of these questions were responded by the head of household/spouse and some were responded by each household member.
The questions in the first part of the household questionnaire are posed during the initial visit to the household. This part includes questions about e.g. the household member's age, sex, marital status, relation to head of household, and questions about household expenditure/consumption of food and non-food items.
During a survey month different questions have been asked different weeks according to the following:
• Week 1. Questions about education, migration, and housing
• Week 2. Questions about economic activity, agricultural and non-agricultural business, household liabilities and other incomes.
• Week 3. Questions about construction, durable goods, and child health
• Week 4. Questions about current economic activities, health and victimization
4. Diary sheet
The diary sheet on daily household expenditure, including value of own production, and income have been filled in during the entire month.
Data Processing
Data Editing
A team of data editors, data coders and data entry staff was formed. The data editors were checking the questionnaires before the data entry and also took care of errors to ensure that entered data were consistent with the collected data in the questionnaires or diaries.
Data Appraisal
Estimates of Sampling Error
In order to provide a basis for assessing the reliability or precision of CSES estimates, the estimation of the magnitude of sampling error in the survey data were computed. Since most of the estimates from the survey are in the form of weighted ratios, variances for ratio estimates are presented.
The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.
The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.
The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.
The Coefficients of Variation (CV) on national level estimates are generally below 4 percent. The exception is the CV for total value of assets where there are rather high CVs especially in the urban areas, which should be expected.
The CVs are somewhat higher in the urban and rural domains but still generally below 7 percent. For the five zones, the average CVs are in the range 5 to 13 percent with a few exceptions where the CVs are above 20 percent. For provinces the CVs for food consumption are 9 percent on average.
The sample take within Primary Sampling Units (PSU) was set to 10 households per PSU in the CSES 1999. When data on variances became available, it was possible to make crude calculations of the optimal sample take within PSU. Calculations on some of the central estimates in the CSES 1999 show that the design effects in most cases are in the range 1 to 5.
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients have been calculated based on the design effects. These correlation coefficients are somewhat high. The reason is that the characteristics that are measured tend to be concentrated (clustered) within the PSUs. The optimal sample size within PSUs under different assumptions on cost ratios and intra-cluster correlation coefficients was then calculated. The cost ratio is the average cost for adding a village to the sample divided by the average cost of including an extra household in the sample. In the CSES, it was chosen to adopt a fairly low cost ratio due to the fact that the interview time per household is long. Under this assumption the optimal sample size is probably around 10 households per village for many of the CSES indicators.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director, Demographic Statistics, Census and Survey Department | National Institute of Statistics | census@camnet.com.kh | www.nis.gov.kh |
| Data User Service Center | National Institute of Statistics | dusc@nis.gov.kh | www.nis.gov.kh |
| Director, ICT Department | National Institute of Statistics | lundysaint@yahoo.com | www.nis.gov.kh |
Confidentiality
All information collected in CSES 2007 is strictly confidential and will be used for statistical purpose only, in accordance with the 2005 Cambodian Law on Statistics.
Access conditions
1. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the National Institute of Statistics.
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Institute of Statistics.
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the National Institute of Statistics, or among data from the National Institute of Statistics and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the National Institute of Statistics.
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the National Institute of Statistics.
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the National Institute of Statistics, or among data from the National Institute of Statistics and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the National Institute of Statistics will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the National Institute of Statistics.
Citation requirements
Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2007 (CSES 2007), National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Cambodia
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | National Institute of Statistics | sythan@forum.org.kh | www.nis.gov.kh |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Disclaimer
The user of the data acknowledges that the National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia bears no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.
Copyright
(c) 2009, National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-KHM-NIS-CSES-2007-v1.0
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| SUY SOTHEARA | SS | National Institue of Statistics | Archivist |
| OUKCHAY PANGNARITH | OP | National Institue of Statistics | Archivist |
| Saint Lundy | SLD | National Institue of Statistics | Archivist |
Date of Metadata Production
2011-09-12
DDI Document version
Version 1.0 (September 2011) - The first documentation of the survey.