Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012
Cambodia, 2012
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Reference ID
KHM-NIS-CSWTS-2012-v01
Producer(s)
National Institute of Statistics
Metadata
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Jan 07, 2021
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Jan 08, 2021
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Identification
Survey ID Number
KHM-NIS-CSWTS-2012-v01
Title
Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Cambodia | KHM |
Study type
Other Household Survey [hh/oth]
Series Information
Cambodia School-to- Work Transition Survey 2012 (CSWTS2012) is the first survey of this subject conducted in Cambodia.
Abstract
Defining the school-to-work transition is a matter worthy of careful consideration since it is the definition that determines the interpretation. Most studies define the transition as the length of time between the exit from education (either upon graduation or early exit without completion) to the first entry into stable employment. But exactly what is meant by “stable employment”? The definition of the term and the subsequent measurement of the transition vary from study to study and from country to country. Some studies take as the end point the first moment of employment in any job and others apply qualitative elements such as first stable job (measured by contract type).
The ILO SWTS was designed in a way that applies a stricter definition of “stable employment” than is typically used in the genre. By starting from the premise that a person has not “transited” until settled in a job that meets a very basic criteria of “decency”, namely a permanency that can provide the worker with a sense of security (e.g. a permanent contract), or a job that the worker feels personally satisfied with, the ILO is introducing a new quality element to the standard definition of school-to-work transition.
The main objectives of the CSWTS 2012 are to collect detailed information on the country's employment of persons aged 15-29 years old disaggregated by urban and rural areas. The survey provides information on the national youth employment that can then be used to develop, manage and evaluate youth employment policies and programmes.
The CSWTS serves a number of purposes. First, it detects the individual characteristics of young people that determine labour market disadvantage. This, in turn, is instrumental to the development of policy response to prevent the emergence of risk factors, as well as measures to remedy those factors that negatively affect the transition to decent work. Second, it identifies the features of youth labour demand, which help determine mismatches that can be addressed by policy interventions. Third, in countries where the labour market information system is not developed, it serves as an instrument to generate reliable data for policy-making and for monitoring progress towards the achievement of MDG1. In countries with a reasonably developed labour market information system, the survey helps to shed light on areas usually not captured by household-based surveys, such as youth conditions of work, wages and earnings, engagement in the informal economy, access to financial products and difficulties experienced by young people in running their business. Finally, it provides information to governments, the social partners and the donor community on the youth employment areas that require urgent attention. Other specific objectives are:
- Obtain data on personal, family and household information including financial situation, health problems, highest educational level of parents, and occupation of parents.
- Collect data on formal education/training, activities history and aspirations of youth/persons aged 15-29 years, including education and training, full history of economic activities, main goal in life, and working criteria.
- Collect data on young workers including personal work details of business or place of work, employment status, wage and salaried workers (employees), self-employed workers, contributing family workers, perception, time related underemployment and other inadequate employment situations, future prospects, training in current activity, and the job search.
- Collect data on unemployed youth including seeking work criteria, length of job search, availability criteria, and details of job search.
- Collect data on youth in education.
- Collect data on youth not in the labour force.
The ILO SWTS was designed in a way that applies a stricter definition of “stable employment” than is typically used in the genre. By starting from the premise that a person has not “transited” until settled in a job that meets a very basic criteria of “decency”, namely a permanency that can provide the worker with a sense of security (e.g. a permanent contract), or a job that the worker feels personally satisfied with, the ILO is introducing a new quality element to the standard definition of school-to-work transition.
The main objectives of the CSWTS 2012 are to collect detailed information on the country's employment of persons aged 15-29 years old disaggregated by urban and rural areas. The survey provides information on the national youth employment that can then be used to develop, manage and evaluate youth employment policies and programmes.
The CSWTS serves a number of purposes. First, it detects the individual characteristics of young people that determine labour market disadvantage. This, in turn, is instrumental to the development of policy response to prevent the emergence of risk factors, as well as measures to remedy those factors that negatively affect the transition to decent work. Second, it identifies the features of youth labour demand, which help determine mismatches that can be addressed by policy interventions. Third, in countries where the labour market information system is not developed, it serves as an instrument to generate reliable data for policy-making and for monitoring progress towards the achievement of MDG1. In countries with a reasonably developed labour market information system, the survey helps to shed light on areas usually not captured by household-based surveys, such as youth conditions of work, wages and earnings, engagement in the informal economy, access to financial products and difficulties experienced by young people in running their business. Finally, it provides information to governments, the social partners and the donor community on the youth employment areas that require urgent attention. Other specific objectives are:
- Obtain data on personal, family and household information including financial situation, health problems, highest educational level of parents, and occupation of parents.
- Collect data on formal education/training, activities history and aspirations of youth/persons aged 15-29 years, including education and training, full history of economic activities, main goal in life, and working criteria.
- Collect data on young workers including personal work details of business or place of work, employment status, wage and salaried workers (employees), self-employed workers, contributing family workers, perception, time related underemployment and other inadequate employment situations, future prospects, training in current activity, and the job search.
- Collect data on unemployed youth including seeking work criteria, length of job search, availability criteria, and details of job search.
- Collect data on youth in education.
- Collect data on youth not in the labour force.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Households
Individuals
Individuals
Version
Version Description
V01 - Edited data for internal use only.
Version Date
2013-07
Scope
Notes
The scope of the Cambodia School-To-Work Transition Survey includes:
- Personal, family and household information
- Formal education/training, activity history and aspirations
- Young workers
- Unemployed youth
- Youth in education
- Youth not in the labour force
- Personal, family and household information
- Formal education/training, activity history and aspirations
- Young workers
- Unemployed youth
- Youth in education
- Youth not in the labour force
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National coverage
Capital city (Phnom Penh)
Urban, Rural
Capital city (Phnom Penh)
Urban, Rural
Universe
Youth 15-29 years of age
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | Ministry of Planning |
Producers
| Name | Role |
|---|---|
| International Labour Organization | Survey development |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| International Labour Organization | ILO |
| Royal Government of Cambodia | RGC |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
Total sample of 160 Enumeration Areas (EAs), of which 123 would be rural and 37 urban. With 16 households were selected in each EA and this would have given an overall sample size of 2,560 households. These sample EAs were selected from the sample EAs of Cambodia Labour Force and Child Labour 2011-2012 as a sampling frame.
According to the sample selection, the SWTS in Cambodia 2012 was conducted in ten Capital/Provinces namely, Phnom Penh, Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampot, Koh Kong, Prey Veng, Preah Sihanouk, Siem Reap, and Takeo, with a representative sample of 2,560 households within 160 EAs. The survey is to collect information on various characteristics of youth aged 15 to 29 years.
The sample design for the survey was a stratified two-stage probability sample where the first stage units were enumeration areas (EAs) designated as the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) and the second stage units as the Second Sampling Units (SSUs) were the households.
1. The first stage sampling selection
In this stage, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with Systematic Random Sampling method. For the sample urban areas in each province, all numbers of urban areas were selected from the sampling frame. For the sample rural areas in each province, the method of Systematic Random Sampling with random start was used.
2. The second stage sampling selection
A fixed sample size of 16 households in each EA would be selected by using the method of Systematic Random Sampling with a random start.
For further details please refer to the technical document on sample selection.
According to the sample selection, the SWTS in Cambodia 2012 was conducted in ten Capital/Provinces namely, Phnom Penh, Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampot, Koh Kong, Prey Veng, Preah Sihanouk, Siem Reap, and Takeo, with a representative sample of 2,560 households within 160 EAs. The survey is to collect information on various characteristics of youth aged 15 to 29 years.
The sample design for the survey was a stratified two-stage probability sample where the first stage units were enumeration areas (EAs) designated as the Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) and the second stage units as the Second Sampling Units (SSUs) were the households.
1. The first stage sampling selection
In this stage, enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with Systematic Random Sampling method. For the sample urban areas in each province, all numbers of urban areas were selected from the sampling frame. For the sample rural areas in each province, the method of Systematic Random Sampling with random start was used.
2. The second stage sampling selection
A fixed sample size of 16 households in each EA would be selected by using the method of Systematic Random Sampling with a random start.
For further details please refer to the technical document on sample selection.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2012-07-22 | 2012-08-15 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face [f2f]
Supervision
Eight field teams worked on this survey. Each team consists of four interviewers and a supervisor. On average, each team covers about 20 Enumeration Areas (EAs) during the period of the field data collection operations. All teams will have a mix of urban and rural EAs to cover. It is expected that a team will be able to cover an EA in about one day; that includes an allowance for the time required to get to the EA, the time needed for listing and selecting the households, and the time required for interviewing the 16 households selected in each EA.
Data Collection Notes
Training of the survey
The training programmes were arranged for survey supervisors and enumerators in regard to the CSWTS 2012. Before going to the field work of the main survey, 40 staffs were received a four-day training on how to carry out data collection from 16 to 19 July 2012 at the NIS, Ministry of Planning. The training consisted of 2 days for training, 1 day for field-test, and 1 day for reviewing of field-test. The training also participated by NIS coordinators and ILO consultant in order to provide experiences and give some advices when complicated and difficult questions encountered or unclear definitions. Observed difficulties and problems during the field test served as additional inputs for further revisions and improvement of understanding.
The training of the survey was conducted by Mr. Heang Kanol, Operation Manager of the survey and Mr. Yves Parardel, ILO consultant.
Field data collection operations
The field data collection operation was conducted by 8 teams and each team consists of one supervisor and four enumerators. The fieldwork carried out for 25 days from 22 July to 15 August 2012. One team covered 20 EAs for data collection.
Using the selected sample village provided, the enumerators visited first to the sample villages, and selected one sample Enumeration Area (EA) where the village leader lives. Sixteen households having youth members aged 15-29 years were randomly selected by systematic random sampling method. Then all youth members living in selected youth household were interviewed by enumerator.
I. Lessons learned and difficulties encountered
1. Lessons learned
According to the first two weeks of data collection operation of the survey, some points learned were stated as follows:
- The engagement of the village leaders made it possible to enjoin the active cooperation of households during data collection operation. They played a very important role in guiding and helping our fieldwork to the target.
- Supervisors and enumerators should close cooperation with local authority or village leaders during data collection operation. In general, before interviewing the village leaders have to inform first to the households. However, the households can be interviewed while the local authority or village leader gave permission.
- Providing of small gift to village leaders and households during the field interview would encourage participating in the survey and welcome to answer the questions at any time. Moreover, the respondents will provide reliable information and gain close cooperation.
- The time-period of interview was depended upon the types of the household members who aged 15-29 years and educational background or knowledge of the respondents.
- Have to make appointment for the target persons who work far away from home.
- Have to make interview at night time when the target persons work far away from home.
- Having car for the field work that made easily transport and save time from and to villages as well as the households to be interviewed.
- Difficulty of recalled answer seemed not reliable.
2. Difficulties encountered
- Some selected sample EAs had to go by motorcycles, by boat and ship for the field data collection operation.
- Some selected EAs were very far from each other.
- Some household whose members are working in another province and staying there. These members often visit their family on Saturday and Sunday.
- Waiting for a long time at night for interviewing the target persons who are working far away from home.
- Village leader did not like to work with enumerator in night time for interviewing.
The training programmes were arranged for survey supervisors and enumerators in regard to the CSWTS 2012. Before going to the field work of the main survey, 40 staffs were received a four-day training on how to carry out data collection from 16 to 19 July 2012 at the NIS, Ministry of Planning. The training consisted of 2 days for training, 1 day for field-test, and 1 day for reviewing of field-test. The training also participated by NIS coordinators and ILO consultant in order to provide experiences and give some advices when complicated and difficult questions encountered or unclear definitions. Observed difficulties and problems during the field test served as additional inputs for further revisions and improvement of understanding.
The training of the survey was conducted by Mr. Heang Kanol, Operation Manager of the survey and Mr. Yves Parardel, ILO consultant.
Field data collection operations
The field data collection operation was conducted by 8 teams and each team consists of one supervisor and four enumerators. The fieldwork carried out for 25 days from 22 July to 15 August 2012. One team covered 20 EAs for data collection.
Using the selected sample village provided, the enumerators visited first to the sample villages, and selected one sample Enumeration Area (EA) where the village leader lives. Sixteen households having youth members aged 15-29 years were randomly selected by systematic random sampling method. Then all youth members living in selected youth household were interviewed by enumerator.
I. Lessons learned and difficulties encountered
1. Lessons learned
According to the first two weeks of data collection operation of the survey, some points learned were stated as follows:
- The engagement of the village leaders made it possible to enjoin the active cooperation of households during data collection operation. They played a very important role in guiding and helping our fieldwork to the target.
- Supervisors and enumerators should close cooperation with local authority or village leaders during data collection operation. In general, before interviewing the village leaders have to inform first to the households. However, the households can be interviewed while the local authority or village leader gave permission.
- Providing of small gift to village leaders and households during the field interview would encourage participating in the survey and welcome to answer the questions at any time. Moreover, the respondents will provide reliable information and gain close cooperation.
- The time-period of interview was depended upon the types of the household members who aged 15-29 years and educational background or knowledge of the respondents.
- Have to make appointment for the target persons who work far away from home.
- Have to make interview at night time when the target persons work far away from home.
- Having car for the field work that made easily transport and save time from and to villages as well as the households to be interviewed.
- Difficulty of recalled answer seemed not reliable.
2. Difficulties encountered
- Some selected sample EAs had to go by motorcycles, by boat and ship for the field data collection operation.
- Some selected EAs were very far from each other.
- Some household whose members are working in another province and staying there. These members often visit their family on Saturday and Sunday.
- Waiting for a long time at night for interviewing the target persons who are working far away from home.
- Village leader did not like to work with enumerator in night time for interviewing.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics | NIS | Ministry of Planning |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
1. Questionnaire development
Draft questionnaire for the Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012 (SWTS) was developed based on guidelines of ILO Youth Employment Programme and Work for Youth Project model SWTS questionnaires.
2. Area of the pilot test
The pilot test of the Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012 was conducted in two provinces namely Kampong Speu and Takeo. Each province consists of 5 enumeration areas (EAs) and each EA was random selected 16 sample households having members aged 15-29 years. Totally, there were 120 youth households to be interviewed.
3. Recruitment
Eight staffs were recruited for the pilot test. The pilot test was divided into 2 groups for the field operations in 2 provinces. Each group consisted of one supervisor and three enumerators for conducting in one province. All of these staff will be assigned as supervisors for the main survey.
4. Training of the pilot test
Before going to the field of the pilot test, 8 staffs were received a three-day training on how to carry out data collection from 29 to 31 May 2012 at NIS. The training consisted of 2 days for training, 1 day for field-test of draft questionnaire, and reviewing of field-test. Observed difficulties and problems during field-test served as additional inputs for further revisions and improvement of the questionnaires and understanding.
5. Data collection of the pilot test
The data collection of the pilot test was conducted from 12 to 16 June 2012. The EA map from the population census 2008, household listing form and the draft questionnaire were used in the pilot test.
First, selecting an EA where a leader of village lives and make updating listing of all households that are now living in a selected EA on the listing sheet given. Depending on the completed household listing sheet in the selected EA, a probability systematic random sampling of 8 households was used. 8 sample households were random selected from all households having members aged 15-29 years old.
6. Lessons learnt
According to the fieldwork of pilot test, some points learned were stated as follows:
- The engagement of the village leaders in the fieldwork made it possible to enjoin the active cooperation of households for the pilot test. They played a very important role in guiding and helping our fieldwork to the target.
- Supervisors and enumerators should close cooperation with local authority or village leaders during the fieldwork. In general, before interviewing the village leaders have to inform first to the households or another word, the households can be interviewed while the local authority or village leader gave permission.
- Providing of gift to village leaders and households during the field interview would encourage participating in the survey and welcome to answer the questions at any time. Moreover, the respondents will provide reliable information and gain close cooperation.
- The time-period of interview was depended upon the types of the household members who aged 15-29 years and educational background or knowledge of the respondents.
- Get long time for waiting the target persons who are employees.
- Have to make interview at night time when the target persons work far away from home.
- Having car for the field work that made easily transport and save time from and to villages as well as the households to be interviewed.
- Difficulty of recalled answer seemed not reliable.
For details on the findings of the pilot test please refer to the attached report.
Draft questionnaire for the Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012 (SWTS) was developed based on guidelines of ILO Youth Employment Programme and Work for Youth Project model SWTS questionnaires.
2. Area of the pilot test
The pilot test of the Cambodia School-to-Work Transition Survey 2012 was conducted in two provinces namely Kampong Speu and Takeo. Each province consists of 5 enumeration areas (EAs) and each EA was random selected 16 sample households having members aged 15-29 years. Totally, there were 120 youth households to be interviewed.
3. Recruitment
Eight staffs were recruited for the pilot test. The pilot test was divided into 2 groups for the field operations in 2 provinces. Each group consisted of one supervisor and three enumerators for conducting in one province. All of these staff will be assigned as supervisors for the main survey.
4. Training of the pilot test
Before going to the field of the pilot test, 8 staffs were received a three-day training on how to carry out data collection from 29 to 31 May 2012 at NIS. The training consisted of 2 days for training, 1 day for field-test of draft questionnaire, and reviewing of field-test. Observed difficulties and problems during field-test served as additional inputs for further revisions and improvement of the questionnaires and understanding.
5. Data collection of the pilot test
The data collection of the pilot test was conducted from 12 to 16 June 2012. The EA map from the population census 2008, household listing form and the draft questionnaire were used in the pilot test.
First, selecting an EA where a leader of village lives and make updating listing of all households that are now living in a selected EA on the listing sheet given. Depending on the completed household listing sheet in the selected EA, a probability systematic random sampling of 8 households was used. 8 sample households were random selected from all households having members aged 15-29 years old.
6. Lessons learnt
According to the fieldwork of pilot test, some points learned were stated as follows:
- The engagement of the village leaders in the fieldwork made it possible to enjoin the active cooperation of households for the pilot test. They played a very important role in guiding and helping our fieldwork to the target.
- Supervisors and enumerators should close cooperation with local authority or village leaders during the fieldwork. In general, before interviewing the village leaders have to inform first to the households or another word, the households can be interviewed while the local authority or village leader gave permission.
- Providing of gift to village leaders and households during the field interview would encourage participating in the survey and welcome to answer the questions at any time. Moreover, the respondents will provide reliable information and gain close cooperation.
- The time-period of interview was depended upon the types of the household members who aged 15-29 years and educational background or knowledge of the respondents.
- Get long time for waiting the target persons who are employees.
- Have to make interview at night time when the target persons work far away from home.
- Having car for the field work that made easily transport and save time from and to villages as well as the households to be interviewed.
- Difficulty of recalled answer seemed not reliable.
For details on the findings of the pilot test please refer to the attached report.
Data Processing
Data Editing
Upon submission of the completed questionnaires to NIS, those questionnaires were processed at the NIS. The training of data processing was carried out for 4 days from 9-12 August 2012. After training, the editing of the completed questionnaires was done manually starting from 13 August 2012. Data entry will be carried out after finishing data editing.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Director General of NIS | DG of NIS | info@nis.gov.kh |
Confidentiality
The Statistics Law Article 22 specifies matters of confidentiality. It explicitly says that all staff working with statistics within the Government of Cambodia "shall ensure confidentiality of all individual information obtained from respondents, except under special circumstances with the consent of the Minister of Planning. The information collected under this Law is to be used only for statistical purposes."
Access conditions
1. The data and other materials will not be redistributed or sold to other individuals, institutions, or organizations without the written agreement of the [National Data Archive].
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the [National Data Archive].
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the [National Data Archive], or among data from the [National Data Archive] and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the [National Data Archive] will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the [National Data Archive].
2. The data will be used for statistical and scientific research purposes only. They will be used solely for reporting of aggregated information, and not for investigation of specific individuals or organizations.
3. No attempt will be made to re-identify respondents, and no use will be made of the identity of any person or establishment discovered inadvertently. Any such discovery would immediately be reported to the [National Data Archive].
4. No attempt will be made to produce links among datasets provided by the [National Data Archive], or among data from the [National Data Archive] and other datasets that could identify individuals or organizations.
5. Any books, articles, conference papers, theses, dissertations, reports, or other publications that employ data obtained from the [National Data Archive] will cite the source of data in accordance with the Citation Requirement provided with each dataset.
6. An electronic copy of all reports and publications based on the requested data will be sent to the [National Data Archive].
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Director General | National Institute of Statistics | info@nis.gov.kh. | www.nis.gov.kh |
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI-KHM-NIS-CSWTS-2012-v01
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Social Statistics Department | SSD | National institute of Statistics | Documentation of Survey |
Date of Metadata Production
2013-07-23
DDI Document version
Version 1.0 (July 2013). This is the original documentation of the survey.